conditionals

zero

• facts, general habits
• if + subj + present simple verb // subj + present simple

first

• possible future or present
• if + subj + present simple verb // subj + will\may\might + infinitive

second

• imaginary present or future
• if + subj + past simple // subj + would\wouldn’t + infinitive

third

• imaginary past
• if + subj + had + past participle // subject + would have + past participle

so it looks like this —

0. if he plays he doesn’t sting.
1. if we wait we will get the presents.
2. if horses could fly, they would use wings.
3. if he hadn’t sold the onions we would have made a salad.

some & any

the main difference between some&any is that some selects only a portion of a whole, while any chooses the unlimited.

some also is a plural, and any is a singular.

didn’t need & needn’t

to be supposed to

reported speech

past = *past, past

pr. cont. → pa. cont

modals

no changes with:

• might, should
• ought to, would
• could
• had better

else:
can → could
shall → should/could
may → could, if permission
may → might, if possibility
must → had to
must (speculation/deduction) ↛ had to
must (obligation) → was/were to
will → would
can’t → wouldn’t be able to
needn’t [context] → didn’t need
needn’t [context] → didn’t have to
needn’t [context] → wouldn’t have to